A Report on the Relation between Ultraviolet Radiation and Skin Cancer, the UV Index, and Sunscreen Protection

A Report on the Relation between Ultraviolet Radiation and Skin Cancer, the UV Index, and Sunscreen Protection Ultraviolet Radiation and Skin Cancer Skin cancer is caused by exposure to the sun. Skin cancer can develop during long term exposure or during short periods of more intense sun exposure. Ultraviolet light in sunlight damages the DNA in our skin cells. Damage can happen years before cancer can develop so you may not even realize the harmful dangers your body is going through while you are exposed to the sun. In 2016 it is estimated that 13,283 new cases of melanoma skin cancer will be diagnosed in Australia. The estimate is roughly 7,847 males and 5,436 females. In 2012 the rate was forty-nine cases per 100,000 persons which is roughly sixty males and thirty-nine females. UVA rays and UVB rays both play a role in the development process of skin cancer. UVA rays penetrate into the dermis which is the skin’s thickest layer. Unprotected exposure can lead to things such as premature skin aging (wrinkling and sunspots) and suppression of the immune system. UVB rays will burn the superficial layers of your skin.This is the cause of sunburn. Unlike UVA, UVB rays have different strengths throughout the year. UVB is the most common cause of most skin cancers. UVC rays is the strongest and the deadliest of solar rays but the ozone layer prevents it from reaching earth. The UV Index is a forecast of the amount of skin damaging UV radiation expected to reach the earth’s surface at the time when the sun is highest in the sky. That is usually around midday. The amount of UV radiation reaching the surface is primarily related to the elevation of the sun in the sky, the amount of ozone in the stratosphere, and the amount of cloud coverage. Thick cloud coverage can reduce the UV radiation levels and certain types of thin cloud can magnify the UV radiation strength. The UV index is calculated based off of four factors: the thickness of the ozone layer which detected using satellites, the cloud cover which blocks the UV radiation up to an extent, the time of year because the seasons such as winter lowers the UV radiation, and the elevation because the higher the elevation the more radiation. Sunscreen is a combination of organic and inorganic active ingredients. Some inorganic ingredients such as zinc oxide reflect or scatter UV radiation. Organic ingredients such as oxybenzone dissipates as it heats. The Sun Protection Factor (SPF) measures how effective the sunscreen formula limits skin exposure to the UV rays that burn the skin. The higher the SPF is the more protection you will have from UV rays.

American History X Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American History X - Research Paper Example While in prison, Derek decides to take a new turn after a visit by his former Black English teacher Dr Sweeney. A brutal rape by Aryan Brotherhood prison gang fuels the transition after his defection. However, on leaving prison, Danny had stepped in his shoes and joined Neo Nazi movement. Derek has to fight to achieve a new life for himself and Danny. The film is full of flashbacks, employing the language of racism to capture sophisticated variations. On TV news, Derek narrates how his father had tutored him to racism through his dinner table conversations not forgetting his death in the hands of black narcotics. The film is full of scaring scenes and convincing scenes that reveal Neo Nazi skin heads bonding. In their meetings led by Derek, they take drugs, beer, engrave tattoos, and carry heavy metal with them. In the Neo Nazi’s world, slogans replace thought, fuelling a mindless hatred towards their black enemies and the film brings out the best of this movement. Neo Nazi mo vement comes out strongly from American History X film. Neo Nazi movement also called skinheads have their origin in England after World War II. According to Prejudice Institute, â€Å"the first wave of what we today recognize as skins polarized themselves in the 1970s. This happened against the various youth counterculture movements† (â€Å"Prejudice Institute† web). ... In 1980, a second wave of this movement was in action when Ian Stuart founded Neo Nazi movement. Apparently, he was a singer and the leader of the Screwdriver band that played an important role in the spread of the movement. The group identified themselves by Nazism and belief in white power and they portrayed it through their way of shaving heads, tattoos, t-shirts, and their confrontational style. Neo Nazi movement cemented its operations in the 1990s because it took advantage of independence war and other ethnic conflicts in of Croatia. To catch the attention of the media, Neo Nazi movement brutally attacked tourists and foreigners, gay people, and people from other cultures. According to Libcom, some of their memorable attacks came in 2003 when Neo-Nazi skinheads attacked six people including five old people and 11-year old boy from Egypt (Kontrrazvedka web). Neo Nazi has links with order supremacist groups like KKK and White Aryan resistance (WAR). Stuart published books by name blood and honour that he distributed to older white supremacies in the US to gather membership. Statistics reveals that skinheads age range from 13 to 27 years mostly teens from various social economic backgrounds. Most get to enrol in high school and continue through college and at work. Recruitment happens at the concerts that attract many young people to listen to Neo Nazi’s music and performances. For instance, Screwdriver songs like White Power and Nigger performed mainly on Hitler’s birthday or at Hate Festivals are tools of transformation. Skinheads also use publications and cyberspaces to promote their ideas and recruit members (â€Å"Prejudice Institute† web). According to Cooter, the group have adopted a new tactic for

American View of Slavery from 1790 to 1820s Essay

American View of Slavery from 1790 to 1820s - Essay Example Slave Trade: The Europeans justified the slave trade by proclaiming that they were providing an opportunity for Africans to become Christians. By the 17th century the removal of slaves from Africa became a holy cause that had the full support of the Christian church.(Walvin 1983). Also, race and racism provided the excuse slave owners needed to allow themselves to own slaves without feeling guilty. â€Å"Slavery was not a side show in American history†, says Dr. James Horton of George Washington University; â€Å"It was the main event†. In his book American Slavery – American Freedom, Edmund S. Morgan makes a searching study of the tragic contradiction which was at the core of America, as seen in Virginia. It was the first state to start the freedom struggle through the Revolution and was also the largest slave holder in the country. The labor of enslaved Africans proved crucial in the development of South Carolina, Georgia, and Maryland, and contributed indirect ly through commerce to the fortunes of New York, Massachussetts, and Pennsylvania. The Africans were made to work on fields to grow rice, cotton, indigo, sugarcane, tobacco, etc.They also worked in the commercial economy and as domestic servants . Slavery took deepest root in Louisiana and other territories in the South. Several revolts and uprisings took place, in protest against the inhuman conditions and treatment meted out to the Africans.